Yellow Gray (W351)andnbsp;Gris Jaune

Mars Orange (inorganic, earth) is a bright, extremely light red and appears almost pinkish in contrast with darker colours. It has incredible tinting strength and opacity. The synthetic form of Mars Orange is made from iron oxides and is cleaner, brighter, and denser than its ochre-based counterparts.

Historically, the wordandnbsp;Mars refers to the Roman god of iron and war. Mars Orange has been manufactured as a pigment since the 17^th century.

Ivory Black (charred animal bone) is a cool, semi-transparent blue-black with a slight brownish undertone and average tinting strength. It mixes well with any colour, and creates a range of dull greens when mixed with yellow. It has good properties for use in oil, can be slow to dry in oil form, and should never be used in underpainting or frescoing. Ivory Black is denser than Lamp Black.

Historically, Ivory Black is a carbon based black first named asandnbsp;Elephantium, and described in the 4th century BCE as produced by heating ivory scraps in clay pots to reduce the ivory or bone to charcoal. The deviation in names is because the more expensive varieties of this pigment were made by burning ivory, and the less expensive ones by burning animal bone. In the 19th century, the name Ivory Black was finally permitted to be applied to Carbon Black pigments made from bone. True Ivory Black is rare in modern times due to the protection of ivory, and the synthetic variety produced today was discovered in 1929. Bone Black is produced as an industrial pigment.

Titanium White (inorganic) is the most brilliant of the white pigments. It is considered an all purpose oil colour useful in all techniques and the best all around white. Its masstone is neither warm nor cool, placing it somewhere between Lead White and Zinc White. It is less prone to cracking and yellowing than Lead White, but it still yellows easily. Titanium White dries slowly in oil form, more slowly than Lead White but more quickly than Zinc White. It is opaque in oil and acrylic forms and semi-opaque in watercolour form. This pigment has good chemical stability, and its tinting strength is superior to both Lead White and Zinc White.

Historically, Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, however mineral deposits that are economical to mine are less common. Titanium dioxide was first discovered in 1821, although it could not be mass produced until 1919. Widespread use of the pigment began in the 1940s. Since that time, it has become the most commonly used white pigment. The name comes from the Latin wordandnbsp;Titan, the name for the elder brother of Kronos and ancestor of the Titans, and from the Greek wordandnbsp;tito, meaningandnbsp;dayandnbsp;orandnbsp;sun.

• Pigments: Mars Orange (iron oxide) PY42, Ivory Black carbon + calcium phosphate PBk9,Titanium White (titanium dioxide) PW6
• Code ON
• Permanence: *** Absolutely Permanent Colour.andnbsp;Mars Orange has excellent permanence and lightfastness.andnbsp;Ivory Black is very lightfast and has good permanence, though it is considered the least permanent of the major black pigments.andnbsp;Titanium White has excellent permanence and lightfastness.
• Quality:andnbsp;Exceptional
• Price Series:andnbsp;A
• Toxicity: Mars Orange has no significant hazards. Ivory Black has no significant hazards. Titanium dioxide is highly stable and is regarded as completely non-toxic. Animal studies give no indiciation that it is absorbed biologically, even after long periods of exposure. The primary safety concern is with inhalation of fine pigment dust particles. Titanium White, if inhaled in large amounts over the course of several years, may cause a benign pneumoconiosis that is visible on x-rays. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers fine titanium dioxide particles, if inhaled, to be a human carcinogen. The primary concern for artists is to avoid exposure to fine particulate dust from raw pigments.