R&F Pigment Stick - Celadon Green, 38 ml

Like many of our pale tints, a delicate, cool, slightly yellowish green can act as neutral to some colours and subtle green to others. It was an iron-based compound related to green earth used in Europe from Medieval times to the 17th century. The famous Chinese ceramic glaze got its name from this colour. Mix it with Iridescent Pearl to affect that glaze-like colour.

• Pigment Composition: PY37-Cadmium Yellow; PW6-Titanium White; PG17-Chromium Oxide Green; PW7-Zinc Sulphide White
• Dimension: 38 ml. stick measuring 5" x 3/4" diameter
• Paint Lines: Encaustic Pigment Stick
• Opacity: Opaque
• Pigment Stick Drying Rate: Slow
• Classification: Synthetic Inorganic
• Chemical Composition: Chromium oxide, Cadmium Yellow, Zinc-Titanium White
• Safety Information: Conforms to ASTM D-4236
• Safety Warnings: This product contains cadmium, a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer.

Pigment Name: PY37 Cadmium Yellow

Classification: Synthetic Inorganic, Cadmium

Chemical Composition: Cadmium (II)-sulphide

Properties

Cadmium Yellow is brilliant, dense, and opaque, with good tinting strength and high hiding power. It is the artist’s principal bright yellow and is available in light, medium, and dark shades. The deeper shades appear deep orange and have the greatest tinting strength. It is slow-drying in oil and used in oil and watercolour forms. It cannot be mixed with copper-based pigments. A clean Cadmium Orange is created when Cadmium Yellow is mixed with Cadmium Red. Hues vary by brand. Cadmium pigments have been partially replaced by azo pigments, similar in lightfastness to the cadmium colours, cheaper, and non-toxic. Cadmium Yellow is usually available in a pure grade or a cadmium-barium mix. This mix has the same permanence with a lower tinting strength.

Permanence

Cadmium Yellow is lightfast and permanent in most forms, but like most cadmium colours, it will fade in fresco or mural painting. The deeper shades are the most permanent, while the pale varieties have been known to fade with exposure to sunlight.

Toxicity

Cadmium Yellow is a known human carcinogen. It can be hazardous if chronically inhaled or ingested.

History

Cadmiums get their names from the Latin word cadmium, meaning zinc ore calamine, and the Greek word kadmeia, meaning Cadmean earth, first found near Thebes, the city founded by the Phoenician prince Cadmus. Metallic cadmium was discovered in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer. Oil colours were first made from Cadmium Yellow pigments in 1819, replacing toxic Chrome (lead) Yellows. However, their production was delayed until 1840 due to the scarcity of cadmium metals. Landscape painters, such as Claude Monet, preferred Cadmium Yellow to the less expensive Chrome Yellow because of its higher chroma and greater purity of colour.

Pigment Name: PW6 Titanium White

Classification: Synthetic Inorganic

Chemical Composition: Titanium dioxide

Properties

Titanium White is the most brilliant of the white pigments. It is considered an all-purpose oil colour that is useful in all techniques and the best all-around white. Its masstone is neither warm nor cool, placing it between Lead White and Zinc White. It is less prone to cracking and yellowing than Lead White, but it still yellows easily. Titanium White dries slowly in oil form, more slowly than Lead White but more quickly than Zinc White. It is opaque in oil and acrylic forms and semi-opaque in watercolour form. This pigment has good chemical stability, and its tinting strength is superior to both Lead White and Zinc White.

Permanence

Titanium White has excellent permanence and lightfastness.

Toxicity

Titanium dioxide is highly stable and is regarded as completely non-toxic. Animal studies do not indicate that it is absorbed biologically, even after long periods of exposure. The primary safety concern is with the inhalation of fine pigment dust particles.

History

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. However, mineral deposits that are economical to mine are rare. Titanium dioxide was first discovered in 1821, although it could not be mass-produced until 1919. Widespread use of the pigment began in the 1940s. Since that time, it has become the most commonly used white pigment. The name comes from the Latin word Titan, the name for the elder brother of Kronos and the ancestor of the Titans, and the Greek word tito, meaning day or sun.

Pigment Name: PG17 Chromium Oxide Green

Classification: Synthetic Inorganic

Chemical Composition: Chromium oxide

Properties

Chromium Oxide Green is an entirely opaque, dull, dense, willow or pale green colour. It has an average drying time and a low tinting strength. It is relatively flexible in oil form and is suitable for all purposes and mediums. This pigment is less versatile in mixtures than Viridian and Phthalocyanine Green but mixes well with other colours without overpowering them.

Permanence

Chromium Oxide Green has excellent permanence, even at high temperatures.

Toxicity

Chromium Oxide Green is slightly toxic. Evidence of Chromium (III) carcinogenicity is inconclusive. Chromium (III) salts appear in greenish pigments such as PG17. Chromium (VI) salts, which appear in yellowish pigments, have been proven to cause cancer.

History

Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin discovered the element chromium in lead chromate in 1797. It began to be used as an enamel and ceramic colour in 1809 but was limited to use as a pigment until 1862 because of its cost. It is the most commonly used green for military camouflage because it appears the same shade as living foliage under infrared light.

Pigment Name: PW7 Zinc Sulphide White

Classification: Synthetic Inorganic

Chemical Composition: Zinc sulphide

Properties

Zinc Sulphide White is a semi-transparent yellowish-white pigment. Zinc sulphide and zinc oxide (PW4) are often combined to create a more natural white colour. Transparency increases as particle size decreases. When slight impurities are added, zinc sulphide has phosphorescent and electroluminescent properties. It is often used to manufacture fluorescent or glow-in-the-dark paints.

Permanence

Zinc Sulphide White has excellent permanence and lightfastness.

Toxicity

Zinc Sulphide is non-toxic, but ore deposits often contain lead. Traces of lead and other impurities may be present in pigment powders. Ingestion is not recommended.

History

Zinc sulphide, when combined with slight impurities, has phosphorescent properties. It is often used to manufacture invisible ink that glows with ultraviolet light and fluorescent paints.