Sennelier Watercolour S1 Green Earth (213).

Sennelier l'Aquarelle Green Earth (213) is a natural earth pigment that is similar to Raw Sienna, Burnt Sienna, Raw Umber, Burnt Umber, and Green Earth. All the Sennelier siennas, umbers, and green earth are natural and come from Italian soil. They are all natural iron oxides. The natural earth colours are completely lightfast and stable in mixtures. Colours referred to as “burnt” come from calcified native earth. Siennas and umbers require a significant amount of oil to grind. Since earths naturally have excellent drying properties, avoid adding drying agents. Earth pigments are suitable for all techniques and are recommended for fresco.

Pigment Name: PBr7—Burnt Umber

Burnt Umber is a more intense reddish-brown pigment from heating the Raw Umber pigment. It has medium to excellent tinting strength and high opacity, and it is quick drying in oil form. Burnt Umber is more transparent than Raw Umber. It has excellent colour properties and can create a variety of subtle, clear tints when mixed with white. It can tend towards chalkiness in dark mixes in oil form, but overall, it mixes well with other colours. To create a black colour in oil form, mix Burnt Umber with Phthalo Blue or Ultramarine. Mix it with Ultramarine or Payne's Gray to achieve a similar colour in watercolour form. Chemical Name: iron oxides with manganese silicates or dioxide

Pigment Type: Earth

Permanence: Burnt Umber has good permanence.

Toxicity: Burnt Umber itself is considered non-toxic. If contaminated by manganese compounds, it may be highly toxic if inhaled and moderately toxic if ingested.

History: This pigment comes from the Latin word umbra, meaning shadow or shade. Its full name is terra di ombra, meaning earth of shadow/shade, due to its original extraction from Umbria, Italy. It has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. Currently, the finest umber comes from Cyprus.

Alternate Names: Chestnut Brown, Euchrome, Jacaranda Brown, Mars Brown, Mineral Brown, Raw Brown, Spanish Brown, Van Dyke Umber. Cyprus Umber, Turkey Brown, and Turkey Umber are the best quality umbers.