Sennelier Watercolour S1 Transparent Brown (435)

Transparent Brown (435) Lamp black is an opaque, heavily staining black pigment with little covering or tinting power. It is typically the opaquest black in watercolour form. Though a very pure black, it tends to muddy slightly in mixtures. Natural sources may be brownish or bluish in tone because of impurities. Red iron oxide varies in hue and transparency, depending on hydration and slight impurities. Synthetic red iron oxides have mostly replaced natural red iron oxides and are brighter, more robust, finer, and more permanent.

Pigment Name: Lamp Black PBk7

Lamp Black is an opaque, heavily staining black pigment with little covering or tinting power. It is typically the opaquest black in watercolour form. Though a very pure black, it tends to muddy slightly in mixtures. Natural sources may be brownish or bluish in tone because of impurities. When used in oil paints, it is one of the slowest drying pigments and should not be used in underpainting or applied in layers underneath other colours.

Chemical Name: carbon.

Permanence: Lamp Black is very lightfast and permanent. It is used in all techniques in permanent painting.

Toxicity: Carbon itself is not considered hazardous; however, other hazardous combustion products often present as impurities when Lamp Black is produced from natural materials. For this reason, commercial preparations of the pigment should be considered slightly toxic. Avoid skin contact and inhalation. Where such impurities are present, Lamp Black is a possible human carcinogen.

History: Lamp Black is a carbon-based black traditionally produced by collecting soot (known as lampblack) from oil lamps. It has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. Lamp black is found in Egyptian murals and tomb decorations and was the most popular black for fresco painting until the development of Mars Black.

Alternate Names: Carbon Black, Channel Black, Furnace Black, Oil Black, Vegetable Black. Flame Black is an impure version of Lamp Black. An alternate spelling is Lampblack, in which the first syllable is stressed, and the two words are elided to form a closed compound.

Pigment Name: PR101—Red Iron Oxide

Red Iron Oxide varies in hue and transparency, depending on hydration and slight impurities. Indian Red is a slightly duller, deep brick hue with a bluish undertone. It is very dense and opaque, with excellent tinting strength and covering power. It is dependable when mixed with all other permanent pigments and yields good flesh tints when mixed with Zinc White. It is the synthetic version of PR102, a pigment made from earth reds or natural red iron oxides, and the names applied to PR101 and PR102 often overlap. Synthetic red iron oxides have mostly replaced natural red iron oxides and are brighter, more robust, finer, and more permanent. Indian Red is the highest grade bluish shade. Light Red, English Red, and Venetian Red are yellowish shades. Mars Violet is a dull and subdued bluish or purplish oxide.

Chemical Name: iron oxides (synthetic), iron oxide, silica, alumina, lime, and magnesia or hydrated iron oxide.

Permanence: Red iron oxide is very lightfast and has excellent permanence.

Toxicity: Red iron oxide has no significant hazards.

History: Natural red iron oxide comes from the mineral ore hematite, which the ancient Greeks called bloodstone from the word hema, meaning blood. It is one of the oldest pigments, has been used by every major civilization, and was an essential mineral for medieval alchemists. It was not widely used in artists' materials until the 17th century and was not produced in large quantities until the 18th century.

Alternate Names: Indian Red, Colcothar, English Red, Light Red, Mars Red, Mars Violet, Morelle Salt, Pompeian Red, Indian Red, Red Oxide, Sinopia, Spanish Red, Terra Rosa, Tuscan Red, Venetian Red, Venice Red.