Sennelier Watercolour S1 Warm Sepia (440)
Warm Sepia (440) Lamp black is an opaque, heavily staining black pigment with little covering or tinting power. It is typically the opaquest black in watercolour form. Though a very pure black, it tends to muddy slightly in mixtures. Natural sources may be brownish or bluish in tone because of impurities.
Raw Sienna is a moderately dull deep earth yellow with medium tinting strength and excellent transparency. It is preferable to Yellow Ochre for creating flesh tones due to its higher subtlety of colour when mixed with white. It creates a bright Ochre when mixed with Cadmium Yellow and greens and grays when mixed with Ultramarine.
Pigment Name: Lamp black PBr7
Lamp black is an opaque, heavily staining pigment with little covering or tinting power. It is typically the opaquest black in watercolour form. Though a very pure black, it tends to muddy slightly in mixtures. Natural sources may be brownish or bluish in tone because of impurities. When used in oil paints, it is one of the slowest drying pigments and should not be used in underpainting or applied in layers underneath other colours.
Chemical Name: carbon.
Permanence: Lamp Black is very lightfast and permanent. It is used in all techniques in permanent painting.
Toxicity: Carbon itself is not considered hazardous. However, other hazardous combustion products are often present as impurities when Lamp Black is produced from natural materials. For this reason, commercial preparations of the pigment should be considered slightly toxic. Avoid skin contact and inhalation. Where such impurities are present, Lamp Black is a possible human carcinogen.
History: Lamp Black is a carbon-based black traditionally produced by collecting soot (known as lampblack) from oil lamps. It has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. Lamp black is found in Egyptian murals and tomb decorations and was the most popular black for fresco painting until the development of Mars Black.
Alternate Names: Carbon Black, Channel Black, Furnace Black, Oil Black, Vegetable Black. Flame Black is an impure version of Lamp Black. An alternate spelling is Lampblack, in which the first syllable is stressed, and the two words are elided to form a closed compound.
Pigment Name: Raw Sienna PBr7
Raw Sienna is a moderately dull deep earth yellow with medium tinting strength and excellent transparency. It is one of the basic permanent artists' pigments and is made from a form of limonite clay whose yellow-brown colour results from ferric oxides. Raw Sienna is preferable to Yellow Ochre for creating flesh tones due to its higher subtlety of colour when mixed with white. It makes a bright Ochre when mixed with Cadmium Yellow and creates greens and grays when mixed with Ultramarine. Raw Sienna dries quickly.
Chemical Name: hydrated iron oxide
Permanence: Raw Sienna has good permanence.
Toxicity: Raw Sienna has no significant hazards.
History: Raw Sienna has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times, although its current name came about during the Renaissance. It comes from the city of Siena in Italy and is short for terra di Siena, meaning the earth of Siena. Sienna was famous for mining and producing earth pigments from the Renaissance until World War II. Due to the depletion of clay deposits in Tuscany, Italian siennas now come from other areas, including Sicily and Sardinia.
Alternate Names: Italian Earth, Natural Brown Iron Oxide, Sienna.
