D040 Naples Yellow/Jaune de Naples - PO13 Vibfast Orange 4051 (organic), PY53 Nickel Titanium Yellow (Inorganic, Mixed metal oxide), PW6 Titanium White (inorganic, titanium dioxide)

Series: A

Lightfast: **

Pigment 1: PO13 Vibfast Orange 4051

Pigment Orange PO13 is used in inks, textiles, paints, plastics, and rubber.

Pigment name: PO13 Vibfast Orange 4051

Pigment Type: organic

Chemical Name: n/a

Properties: Pigment Orange PO13 is a yellowish orange with high tinting strength.

Permanence: Pigment Orange PO13 has good lightfastness when used at full strength, but it may fade in tints. It is often replaced by PO61, which has lower tinting strength, but better lightfastness.

Toxicity: n/a

Alternate Names: n/a

Pigment 2: PY53 Nickel Titanium Yellow

Nickel Titanium Yellow was developed in the 1960s.

Pigment Name: PY53 Nickel Titanium Yellow

Pigment Type: Inorganic,

Chemical Name: Mixed metal oxide

Properties: Nickel Titanium Yellow is one of the cleanest and brightest of the inorganic pigments. It has a low tinting strength and average to slow drying time.

Permanence: Nickel Titanium Yellow has excellent lightfastness and outstanding stability concerning chemicals, weather, and heat. It is durable in exterior conditions.

Toxicity: Nickel Titanium Yellow is not considered toxic.

Alternate Names: Nickel Titanate Yellow, Nickel Yellow.

Pigment 3: Titanium White PW6

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust; however, mineral deposits that are economical to mine are less common. Titanium dioxide was first discovered in 1821, although it could not be mass-produced until 1919. Widespread use of the pigment began in the 1940s. Since that time, it has become the most commonly used white pigment. The name comes from the Latin word Titan, the name for the elder brother of Kronos and ancestor of the Titans, and the Greek word tito, meaning day or sun.

Pigment Name: Titanium White PW6

Pigment Type: Inorganic

Chemical Name: Titanium dioxide

Properties: Titanium White is the most brilliant of the white pigments. It is considered an all-purpose oil colour useful in all techniques and the best all-around white. Its masstone is neither warm nor cool, placing it somewhere between Lead White and Zinc White. It is less prone to cracking and yellowing than Lead White, but it still yellows easily. Titanium White dries slowly in oil form, more slowly than Lead White but more quickly than Zinc White. It is opaque in oil and acrylic forms and semi-opaque in watercolour. This pigment has good chemical stability, and its tinting strength is superior to both Lead White and Zinc White.

Permanence: Titanium White has excellent permanence and lightfastness.

Toxicity: Titanium dioxide is highly stable and is regarded as completely non-toxic. Animal studies do not indicate that it is absorbed biologically, even after long periods of exposure. The primary safety concern is with inhalation of fine pigment dust particles. If inhaled in large amounts over the course of several years, Titanium White may cause a benign pneumoconiosis that is visible on x-rays. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers fine titanium dioxide particles, if inhaled, to be a human carcinogen. The primary concern for artists is to avoid exposure to fine particulate dust from raw pigments.

Alternate Names: None.