D095 Turquoise Blue/Bleu Turquoise - PG7 Phthalo Green (Organic, Polychlorinated copper (II) phthalocyanine), Phthalo Blue PB15 (organic copper Phthalocyanine), PW6 Titanium White (inorganic, titanium dioxide)
This bright blue-green was developed by chemists using the trade name Monastral Blue, the organic blue dyestuff now known as Phthalo Blue. The demand for such a pigment came from commercial printers who wanted a cyan to replace Prussian Blue. Titanium dioxide, widespread use of the pigment began in the 1940s. Since that time, it has become the most commonly used white pigment.
Pigment 1: PG7 Phthalo Green
This bright blue-green was developed in 1935 and has been used since 1938.
Pigment Name: PG7 Phthalo Green
Pigment Type: Organic
Chemical Name: Polychlorinated copper (II) phthalocyanine
Properties: Phthalo Green is a transparent, cool, bright, high intensity colour used in oil and acrylics. It comes from a Phthalocyanine Blue pigment where most of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with chlorine, forming highly stable molecules. It has pigment properties and permanence similar to Phthalo Blue. It is slow drying and an excellent base colour for mixing a range of bright greens. Phthalo Green is considered a very good alternative to Viridian because it is intense, mixes well, and can be used to emphasize mineral colours in various tints. However, its tinting strength is very high so that it can overpower other colours. This pigment most closely resembles the discontinued and toxic Verdigris.
Permanence: Phthalo Greens are completely lightfast and resistant to alkali, acids, solvents, heat, and ultraviolet radiation. Due to their stability, they are currently used in inks, coatings, and many plastics and are considered a standard pigment in printing ink and the packaging industry.
Toxicity: Phthalo Green has no significant hazards, but it contained PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) until 1982.
Alternate Names: Bocour Green, Cyan Green, Intense Green, Monastral Green, Phthalocyanine Green, Rembrandt Green, Thalo Green, Winsor Green.
Pigment 2: PB15 Phthalo Blue
Developed by chemists using the trade name Monastral Blue, the organic blue dyestuff now known as Phthalo Blue was presented as a pigment in November 1935 in London. Its discovery was accidental. The dark colour was observed in a kettle where a dye was made from a British dyestuff plant. The demand for such a pigment came from commercial printers who wanted a cyan to replace Prussian Blue.
Pigment Name: PB15 Phthalo Blue
Pigment Type: Organic
Chemical Name: Copper phthalocyanine
Properties: Phthalo Blues are pure, clean primary blues with superior covering power. They have a very high tinting strength and tend to overwhelm other pigments, but if colour strength can be controlled, they make predictable mixed colours. In oil form, blues are very deep and slow drying. When mixed with other colours or if chlorine is added, Phthalo Blue quickly tends towards green. When using alone, mix with some white, as Phthalo Blue can be semi-transparent and almost black on its own. It is among the most compatible of modern colours with mineral colours and is considered more reliable than Prussian Blue, while sharing the same physical and colour properties. Phthalo Blue is a good colour for glazing.
Permanence: Phthalo Blues are completely lightfast, stable, and permanent for all paint uses. Due to their stability, they are currently used in inks, coatings, and many plastics and are considered a standard pigment in printing ink and the packaging industry.
Toxicity: Phthalo Blues have no significant hazards, although those made before 1982 contained some PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls).
Alternate Names: Bocour Blue, Cyan Blue, Helio Blue, Heliogen Blue, Intense Blue, Monastral Blue, Phthalocyanine Blue, Rembrandt Blue, Thalo Blue, Winsor Blue.
Pigment 3: Titanium White PW6
Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, however mineral deposits that are economical to mine are less common. Titanium dioxide was first discovered in 1821, although it could not be mass produced until 1919. Widespread use of the pigment began in the 1940s. Since that time, it has become the most commonly used white pigment. The name comes from the Latin word Titan, the name for the elder brother of Kronos and ancestor of the Titans, and from the Greek word tito, meaning day or sun.
Pigment Name: Titanium White PW6
Pigment Type: Inorganic
Chemical Name: Titanium dioxide
Properties: Titanium White is the most brilliant of the white pigments. It is considered an all-purpose oil color useful in all techniques and the best all around white. Its masstone is neither warm nor cool, placing it somewhere between Lead White and Zinc White. It is less prone to cracking and yellowing than Lead White, but it still yellows easily. Titanium White dries slowly in oil form, more slowly than Lead White but more quickly than Zinc White. It is opaque in oil and acrylic forms and semi-opaque in watercolour form. This pigment has good chemical stability, and its tinting strength is superior to both Lead White and Zinc White.
Permanence: Titanium White has excellent permanence and lightfastness.
Toxicity: Titanium dioxide is highly stable and is regarded as completely non-toxic. Animal studies give no indication that it is absorbed biologically, even after long periods of exposure. The primary safety concern is with inhalation of fine pigment dust particles. If inhaled in large amounts over several years, Titanium White may cause a benign pneumoconiosis visible on x-rays. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers fine titanium dioxide particles, if inhaled, to be a human carcinogen. Artists' primary concern is avoiding exposure to fine particulate dust from raw pigments.
Alternate Names: None.
